Q. Imaam, what is your opinion on veiling? Niqab? My question is in light of the article i am sharing with you.
A. I’d be a fool to contest any aspect of Quran and Hadith you have so kindly shared below to us. May Allah (SWT) reward you sister.
(Everything thing below this line is is the work of passionate islamic researchers. Not our work!)
| Date: Thursday, October 15th 2009 |
Jurisprudence and Rulings (Fiqh)
Title Recently the Sheikh Tantawi, the most senior Sheikh in Jamiatul Azhar – Egypt, declared that Niqab (face veil) has no part in deen and that it is only a culture. The sheikh has also called in for a ban of niqab in the Egyptian Female Institutes. Could you please give us some background on Niqab. Does it really have no basis in Sharia as the Sheikhul Azhar claims?
Question Recently the Sheikh Tantawi, the most senior Sheikh in Jamiatul Azhar – Egypt, declared that Niqab (face veil) has no part in deen and that it is only a culture. The sheikh has also called in for a ban of niqab in the Egyptian Female Institutes. Could you please give us some background on Niqab. Does it really have no basis in Sharia as the Sheikhul Azhar claims?
Answer
??? ???? ?????? ??????
THE SHARI’ BASIS OF NIQAB (FACE COVERING) AND SHAYKH TANTAWI’S INCORRECT VIEw
INTRODUCTION
Recently, one of the senior scholars of Egypt was invited to address a group of young female high-school students. His gaze fell on a girl who was wearing a face-veil (niqab). This annoyed the Shaykh and he proceeded to ask the supercilious girl to remove her veil. The girl refused to comply, claiming that it was her habit to cover her face in front of strangers. The Shaykh immediately retorted “The niqab is nothing but culture – it has absolutely no place whatsoever with the religion of Islam.” The Shaykh repeated his command and added, in a crude Egyptian dialect, “…and I know the religion better than you your parents.” A teacher also tried to intervene and said to the Shaykh that it was only because of his presence that the young lady was veiling her face. But the Shaykh insisted that the veil be removed. Finally, the young girl had to give in the senior most authority and helplessly unveiled herself. The Shaykh was still not satisfied and humiliated the innocent girl further buy saying in a crude expression Egyptian vernacular “Ama law kunti hilwa shuwaya la-amilti eh?”(If you had even a little beauty I wonder what you would have done?)
He then went on and threatened to banish the niqaab in all public schools affiliated with Al-Azhar. We were also horrified to hear that a month prior to this incident, girls who had their faces covered were not allowed to enter Al-Azhar.
We, the Ulama of South Africa, take exception to all that has transpired. Not only is there mention of the covering of the face in the Quran, Hadith and works of scholars from all four Madhabs, this has also been the continued practice of Muslims for the past fourteen centuries. Hereunder, we present some evidences which clearly exemplify that the covering of the face is not ‘a mere tradition’. Rather, it has strong basis and is also ruled as obligatory.
We implore the scholars and government of Egypt to ponder over these evidences and reconsider whether they really want to ban the Niqab. We pray that Allah the Almighty guide’s one and all and show us the truth as truth. Ameen.
PROOFS FROM THE QURAN
1) Allah Ta’ala mentions,
{ ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? } [???????:59]
“O Prophet! Tell thy wives and thy daughters, and the women of the believers, that they should pull down upon them of their outer cloaks (from their heads over their faces). That is more likely that they may thus be recognized and not molested. And ALLAH is Most Forgiving, Merciful.
Numerous commentators (who certainly understood the Deen better than the Shaykh and his parents) have interpreted this verse to denote that ALL women are commanded to cover their faces. Below we have mentioned the names of scholars from each century who have either clearly mentioned, or cited scholars from the past and agreed with them, that this verse refers to covering the face:
1) The greatest commentator, Ibn Abbaas (died 68 AH)[1]
2) The great Sahabi, ‘Abidah as-Simani (died 72 AH)[2]
3) Imam al-Kufiyeen Yahya bin Ziyad Ad-Daylami (famously known as Al-Farraa-died 207)[3]
4) Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir at-Tabari (died 310 AH)[4]
5) Al-Imam al-Hafidh Abu Muhammad Abd ar-Rahman bin Abi Hatim (died 327AH)[5]
6) Imam Abu Ja’far Ahmad bin Muhammad al-Muradi an-Nuhas (A senior scholar from Egypt-died 338 AH)[6]
7) Imam Abu Bakr Ahmad bin ‘Ali Ar-Razi al-Jassass (died 370) [7]
8) Abu Ishaq Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim At-Tha’labi (died 427)[8]
9) Abu Hasan ‘Ali bin Ahmad al-Wahidi (died 468)[9]
10) ‘Imad ad-Deen bin Muhammad at-Tabari (died 504 AH)[10]
11) Muhi as-Sunnah Abu Muhammadal-Husain bin Mas’ud al-Baghawi (died 516)[11]
12) Abu al-Qasim Mahmud bin ‘Umar Az-Zamarkashi Al-Khuwarazmi (died 538)[12]
13) Allamah Abu Bakr Ibn al-‘Arabi (died 543)[13]
14) Fakhr ad-Deen Muhammad bin ‘Umar bin al-Husain ar-Razi (died 604 AH)[14]
15) Shams ad-Deen Abu ‘Abdillah Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Qurtubi (died 671 AH)[15]
16) Nasir ad-Deen Abu Sa’id Abdullah Ibn Umar bin Muhammad al-Baydhawi (died 691 or 791)[16]
17) Abu al-Barakaat ‘Abdullah bin Ahmad bin Mahmud an-Nasafi (died 710)[17]
18) Allamah ‘Ala ad-Deen ‘Ali bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim al-Baghdadi (Commonly known as al-Khazin, died 725 AH) [18]
19) Allamah Abu al-Fida Ismail bin ‘Umar bin Katheer al-Qurashi (died 774)[19]
20) Abu Hayyaan Muhammad bin Yusuf al-Andalusi (died 784)[20]
21) Abu Hafs ‘Umar bin ‘Ali Ibn ‘Adil Ad-Dimashqi al-Hambali (died after 880)[21]
22) Burhan ad-Deen Abi al-Hasan Ibrahim bin ‘Umar al-Baqaa’i (died 885)[22]
23) Allamah ‘Abd ar- Rahman bin al-Kamal Jalal ad-Deen As-Suyuti (A great scholar from Egypt- died 911)[23]
24) Shams ad-Deen Muhammad bin Ahmad Ash-Sharyini (One of the senior scholars of Cairo-died 977AH)[24]
25) Allamah Abu Sa’ud Muhammad bin Muhammad al-‘Imadi (died 982)[25]
26) Shihab ad-Deen Ahmad bin Muhammad bin ‘Umar al-Khafaji (died 1069)[26]
27) Ismail Haqi bin Mustafa al-Islambuli al-Khalwati died (1127)[27]
28) Allamah Sulaiman bin ‘Umar al-‘Ujaili (Known as al-Jamal-died 1206)[28]
29) Shaykh Ibn al- ‘Ajibah Ahmad bin Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Idreesi (died 1224)[29]
30) Ahmad bin Muhammad as-Sawi (A great scholar from Egypt-died 1241)[30]
31) Abu Al-Fadhl Shihaab ad-Deen Mahmud al-Alusi (died 1270)[31]
32) Muhammad Jamaal ad-Deen al-Qasmi (died 1332)[32]
33) Allamah Zahid al-Kawthari (A senior scholar who used to live in Egypt died 1371)[33]
34) Shaykh Mustafa al-‘Adawi (A senior contemporary scholar of Egypt) [34]
35) Surprising, Shaykh Sayyad Tantawi has also accepted this view and spoke in support of the veil in his commentary entitled ‘At-Tafsir al-wasit’. He writes under the commentary of this verse,
??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? – (? 11 / ? 245 ??? ???????)
????????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? . ??????? : ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ? ?? ??? : ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? . ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? : ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ))??? .
2) In another verse, Allah Ta’ala mentions,
??? ???????????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? (30) ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? (?????31)
“Tell the believing men that they must lower their gazes and guard their private parts; it is more decent for them. Surely Allah is All-Aware of what they do.
And tell the believing women that they must lower their gazes and guard their private parts, and must not expose their adornment, except that which appears thereof, and must wrap their bosoms with their shawls, and must not expose their adornment, except to their husbands or their fathers or the fathers of their husbands, or to their sons or the sons of their husbands, or to their brothers or the sons of their brothers or the sons of their sisters, or to their women, or to those owned by their right hands, or male attendants having no vigour, or to the children who are not yet conscious of the shames of women. And let them not stamp their feet in a way that the adornment they conceal is known. And repent to Allah O believers, all of you, so that you may achieve success.” [24:30/31]
Allah Ta’ala commands that females should conceal their entire body “except that which appears thereof.” Scholars differ to what is meant by the phrase “except that which appears thereof”. Sayyiduna Ibn Mas’ood (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with him) mentions that it refers to the clothing of women.[35] This is also the view of Ibrahim Nakh’i and Hasan (May Allah Ta’ala have mercy on them both.[36] Other scholars opine that it refers to her hands and face.[37]This is the opinion of Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with him) and others.
The first explanation is emphatic that a woman should don the veil as she is not permitted to expose her face.
According to the second interpretation a woman is permitted to leave her hands and face open. However, this does not contradict the encouragement to don the niqab as exposing these features is due to the fact the there is a need and the laws of niqab is to safeguard societies from fitna.[38]
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with him) himself explains that a woman should leave her face open only when at home. When she leaves her home she would have to adorn the hijab.
????? ????? ???: ??? ??? ????? ???: ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????:( ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ) ???: ??????? ???????: ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????[39]
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas ??? ???? ????? ??? narrates that the ‘apparent beauty’ refers to the face, kohl, henna and the ring. A woman could expose this in her home in front of those who enter her home.
Furthermore, the word used in the verse is ??? (that which becomes exposed) and not ????? (that which they expose). In this verse all other verbs are attributed to the females except this verse. This indicates to the face that a woman should conceal her entire body however, if while carrying out her chores and necessities her hands or face accidently becomes exposed then this is be permitted.[40]
3) The ruling of covering the face is corroborated by a third verse wherein Allah Ta’ala says,
?????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (?????60)
“And those old women who have no hope for marriage, there is no sin on them, if they take off their (extra) clothes while they do not display their adornment. Still, that they refrain (even from this) is better for them. Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.” [24:60]
In the above verse Allah Ta’ala allows elderly woman to take off their extra clothes. Mufassiroon explain that “extra clothes” refer to the jilbab.[41] This verse confer that young women are not allowed to leave out the jilbab.
4) In another verse it is mentioned,
??????? ?????? ??? ??????
“And let them wear their head-coverings over their bosoms.”
This verse also proves that a woman should cover her face, either because it is the laazim (natural outcome) of covering ones head and chest or through qiyaas (analogy) that if she is commanded to cover her head and chest then she would be even more required to cover her face which is the greatest point of beauty.
PROOFS FROM THE AHADITH
Covering the face was a common practice amongst the noble consorts of Nabi ??? ???? ???? ????. Lest one thinks this was a ruling only for them, we have also included below narrations which clearly illustrates that other Sahabiyaat would also don the veil.
?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? . ????? : ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????…??? ?????…????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? [42]
1) Ibn Shihaab narrates from Ayesha (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with her) that when Nabi ??? ???? ???? ???? would intend going out on a journey he would draw lots between his spouses…until the portion…he came to the spot where I was sleeping and noticed the shape of a human. He immediately recognised me since he saw me before the laws of hijab were revealed. I woke when he claimed Inna lillahi. I covered my face with my jilbab. By Allah, we did not speak a single word not did I hear a letter from him besides Inna lillahi. (Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim)
?? ????? ???? : ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? [43]
2) Ayesha (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with her) say, “The male riders would pass us while we were with Nabi ??? ???? ???? ???? in the state of Ihram. When they would pass us, we would lower our loose scarves over our faces. When they passed, we would once again reveal our faces.”
???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? : ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? : ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????.[44]
3) Ismail bin Abi Khalid narrates from his mother that she said, “We would enter upon the mother of the believers on the day of tarwiyyah. I asked her, O mother of the believers, there is a woman here who refuses to cover her face whilst in Ihraam. Ayesha (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with her) raised her cloth from her chest and veiled her face.“
?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????: ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????[45]
4) ‘Abd al-Malik bin Marwan narrates from Abu ‘Abdullah Salim-a person who Ayesha (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with her) would admire for his trust and would even hire him- he says, “I would come to Ayesha whilst still a partial slave (mukatab). She would sit in front of me and converse with me. Until I came to her one day and said, ‘Pray for me for blessings oh mother of the believers.’ She asked ‘What happened?’ I replied, ‘Allah has emancipated me from my slavery.’ She immediately pulled down her veil and I did not see her after that.”
?? ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? : ???? « ???? ???? ??? ?????? »[46]
5) Safiyyah bint Abi Shaybah narrates that Ayesha (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with her) would perform circumambulation with her face covered.
?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? -??? ???? ???? ????- ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? -??? ???? ???? ????- ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???
6) ‘Abd al-Khaybar bin Thabit bin Qais bin Shammaas narrates from his father who narrates from his grandfather that he said, “A woman called Umm Khallaad came to the prophet ??? ???? ???? ???? with her face veiled to enquire of her son who was martyred. Some companions of the prophet ??? ???? ???? ???? remarked that you came to ask of your son yet you are veiled? She replied, ‘If I lost my son I do not need to lose my modesty.”
?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? :??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????[47]
7) Fatimah bint al-Mundhir states, “We would cover our faces whilst in the state of Ihraam while we were in the company of Asma, the daughter of Abu Bakr (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with them).”
?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? -??? ???? ???? ????- « ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ».[48]
8) Umm Salma (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with her) narrates that the prophet ??? ???? ???? ???? said, “If any of you possess a mukatab (partial slave purchasing his freedom) and he has the amount to pay, then you should make hijab from him.”
VIEWS ON THE FOUR MADHABS ON COVERING THE FACE
HANAFI MADHAB
The following scholars in the Hanafi Madhab have mentioned that it is necessary for a woman to cover her face:
1) Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH),[49]
2) Hakim al-Shahid (d. 334 AH),[50]
3) Jassas al-Razi (d. 370 AH),[51]
4) Al-Natifi (d. 446 AH),[52]
5) Qadi Khan (d. 592 AH),[53]
6) Al-Marghinani — author of Al-Hidayah (d. 593 AH),[54]
7) Al-Kirmani (d. 600 AH approx.),[55]
8) Mahmud Al-Bukhari — author of al-Muhit (d. 616 AH),[56]
9) Al-Sunnami (d. after 700 AH),[57]
10) Al-Sighnaqi (d. 714 AH),[58]
11) Al-Qurashi (d. 854 AH),[59]
12) Ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH),[60]
13) Al-Quhustani (d. 950 AH),[61]
14) Ibn Nujaym (d. 970 AH),[62]
15) Sinan al-Khalwati (d. 989 AH),[63]
16) Umar ibn Nujaym (d. 1005 AH),[64]
17) Mulla ‘Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH),[65]
18) Al-Shurunbulali (d. 1069 AH),[66]
19) Shaykh Zada al-Afandi (d. 1078 AH), [67]
20) ‘Abd al-Halim (d. 1088 AH),[68]
21) Al-Haskafi (d. 1088 AH),[69]
22) Al-Tahtawi (d. 1231 AH),[70]
23) Ibn ‘Abidin (d. 1252 AH),[71]
24) ‘Abid al-Sindhi (d. 1257 AH),[72]
25) ‘Abd al-Hay al-Laknawi (d. 1304 AH),[73]
26) Al-Sawati (d. 1346 AH),[74]
27) Al-Nahlawi (d. 1350 AH).[75]
MALIKI MADHAB
The following scholars in the Maliki Madhab have mentioned that it is necessary for a woman to cover her face.
1) Abu Bakr Ibn al-‘Arabi (died 543),[76]
2) Shams ad-Deen Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Khazraji al-Qurtubi (died 671)[77]
3) Shams ad-Deen Hattaab ar-Ru’aini Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad bin Muhammad at-Tarabalusi al-Maghrabi (died 954)[78]
4) ‘Abd al-Baqi bin Yusuf Az-Zarqani (died 1099)[79]
5) Shaykh Muhammad bin Abd al-Baqi Yusuf Az-Zarqani (died 1122)[80]
6) Ahmad bin Ghunaim an-Nafrawi (A scholar from Al-Azhar-died 1126) [81]
7) Ali bin Ahmad Al-‘Adawi (A famous scholar of Egypt-died 1189)[82]
8) Ash-Shaykh Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Ahmad al-‘Adawi Ad-Dirdeer (A great scholar who studied in Al-Azhar-died 1201)[83]
9) Ahmad bin Muhammad as-Sawi (A leading scholar from Egypt-died 1241)[84]
SHAFI MADHAB
The following scholars in the Shafi Madhab have mentioned that it is necessary for a woman to cover her face:
1) Al-Im?m Yahya bin Sharf al-Nawaw? (died 676 AH)[85]
2) Shams ad-Deen Muhammad bin Abi Bakr Ibn an-Naqeeb aal-Misri (died 745)[86]
3) Al-Im?m Ahmad ibn ‘Al? ibn ?ajar al-Haytam? al-Makk? (A great scholar-written Tuhfa al-Muhtaj which is one of the most authoritive books in the Shafi Madhab- died AH 974)[87]
4) Al-Im?m Shams al-D?n Mu?ammad ibn A?mad al-Kh??ib al-Shirb?n? (977 AH)
5) Ahmad bin al-Qasim al-‘Abadi (An Azhari-died 992)[88]
6) Shams ad-Deen Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-‘Abbaas Ahmad bin Hamza Ar-Ramali (One of the most senior Muftis of Egypt, famously known as Ash-Shaf’i as-sageer- died 1004)[89]
7) Shaykh Sulaiman al-Jamal (An Azhari-1204)[90]
8) ‘Abdul Hamid al-Makki ash-Sharwani (died 1301)[91]
9) Abu Bakr Uthman Ibn As-Sayyad Muhammad Ad-Dimyati (died 1302)[92]
10) Al-Im?m Shams al-D?n Mu?ammad ibn A?mad al-Kh??ib al-Shirb?n? (One of the greatest jurists of the Shafi Madhab-died 977 AH)[93]
HAMBALI MADHAB
The following scholars in the Hambali Madhab have mentioned that it is necessary for a woman to cover her face:
1) Imam Ahmad (May Allah Ta’ala be pleased with him) himself (died 241 AH)[94]
2) ‘Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Qudamah al-Maqdisi (One of the greatest Hambali scholars-died 620)[95]
3) Shams ad-Deen Abi al-Faraj ‘Abd ar-Rahman bin Muhammad al-Maqdisi (died 682 AH)[96]
4) Shams ad-Deen Muhammad bin Muflih al-Maqdisi (died 763 AH)[97]
5) Shams ad Deen Musa bin Ahmad al-Hajawi (died 960 AH)[98]
6) Mansur bin Yunus bin Idrees al-Bahuti (Shaykh of the Hambalis in Egypt-died 1051 AH)[99]
7) Mustafa as-Suyuti ar-Ruhaibai (died 1243 AH)[100]
8) ‘Abdullah bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz al-‘Anqari (died 1373 AH)[101]
THE DISADVANTAGES OF NOT COVERING
Unveiling has a number of disadvantages. Some of them are as follows:
1. It is a violation of the Quran and Hadith;
2. It shows woman’s weakness in belief;
3. It is a cause of temptation for men and women;
4. It strips off her modesty that is an integral part of Faith;
5. It subjects her to adultery and sexual harassment (especially now in Egypt with the vaginal kit, adultery has become so easy. Had all the women been veiled, the government would not have so much difficulty in trying to outlaw this kit);
6. It hurts her dignity and feelings and it stains her chastity;
7. It prompts woman to take part in commercial advertisements and films as a showpiece and a source of enjoyment for the viewers.
CONCLUSION
From the aforementioned it is clear, that not only is the veiling of the face established in Islam, it is also based on concrete evidences. This has been the continuous practise of the past fourteen centuries. As the great scholar of Al-Azhar, Hafidh Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani has said,
??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????[102]
“It has continuously been the practice of women since time immemorial to cover their faces from strangers.”(Fath al-Bari 9/324)
Hence as a religious right, we implore the Shaykh to reconsider his plans of banning the Hijab in Al-Azhar affiliated institutes. Every woman should be given her human right of the freedom to practise upon her religion. We also request the Shaykh to retract his consent he gave to the French government of banning the Hijab.
Given the position of the Shaykh, he ought to be advocating and encouraging modesty. He is supposed to appreciate a girl wearing the veil in this modern day and age. Al-Azhar was once looked upon as an icon for Muslims. We cannot allow it now to stoop so low and become such an ardent promoter of compromise to serve the ideologies of some in the west.
Moreover with the veil, Egypt will find solutions to many of its dilemmas. Egypt is notorious for producing the most porn, sexualized media material, and secular entertainment in the Middle East. Tantawi should rather utilise his energies in condemning the porn produced in his nation, the secular enterprises which seek to promote Western liberation and sexual freedom, such as the American University in Cairo and the many Western organisations in the west. He should direct his energies in getting the Egyptian government to divest its interest in the only brewery in Egypt and banning the nude beaches in Sharm El-Sheikh.
Furthermore, by implementing the veil, the government of Egypt will not have difficulty in banning the ‘Artificial Virginity Hymen kit’:
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This has become a catalyst of much adultery and fornication in their region.
We pray that Allah, the All-mighty grants us the true understanding of his religion and may He save us from being helpers of the devil.
And Allah knows best
Wassalaamu `alaykum
Jointly prepared:
Ml. Ismail Moosa and Ml. Ishaq E Moosa
Students Darul Iftaa
Checked and Approved by:
Mufti Ebrahim Desai (with the following comments):
The issue cannot be about whether there is a Shar’i basis of niqab or not. The above references and authorities clearly prove beyond doubt the Shar’i basis of niqab. No scholar can dispute this.
Contextually, the issue is that if a woman wishes to voluntarily wear the niqab, especially in a Muslim country, can she be restricted to do so? The simple answer is no, she cannot be restricted. That is curtailing her right of freely practising her Deen and what she correctly understands of her Deen. This right of a Muslim woman is even respected in non-Muslim countries. It is indeed a shame if a Muslim country deprives a Muslim woman from this right. Such a restriction leads one to question the motive behind depriving one of such a right.
Is it motivated by political persuasion etc? It is at this juncture the istiqaamat of an ‘Alim –e-haq is challenged. Do they really speak for Allah?
(Mufti) Ebrahim Desai
Darul Iftaa, Madrassah In’aamiyyah
[1] [1] ????? ??? ??? ???? – (? 10 / ? 3154 ????? ???? ????? ?????)
17783 ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? : ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ????? .
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? (?9??? ???????(
???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????
[2] ????? ??? ??? ???? – (? 10 / ? 3155 ????? ???? ????? ?????(
17791 ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? : ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? : ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? .
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? (?7??? ???????(
????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ….. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????
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????: ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????.
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????? ?? ????? ???? ????? : { ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (59) }
???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????: ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????: ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???.
?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????: ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
* ??? ?? ??? ???:
????? ????? ???: ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????( ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ) ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????.
????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????( ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????
?????????????? ) ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???: ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????: ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????.
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??? ????? ???? ??? ?????
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??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????
[7] ????? ?????? ?????? – (? 3 / ? 486 ?????)
??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????
[8] ????? ??????? ????? ??????? – (? 5 / ?132???????)
???? ????? : { ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? } ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????
[9] ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????- (? 3 / ?482????? ??? ?????)
??? ????????: ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
[10] ????? ?????? ????? ??????? – (? 4 / ?350 ???????)
???? ?????: {??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????????}, ?????: [59].
???????: ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???.
[11] ????? ?????? – (? 3 / ? 544 ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????)
???? ??? ???? ???? ?????: ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????.(?? ???? ????)
[12] ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? – (? 3 / ? 569 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? – ????? (
????? « ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? » ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? . ???? : ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? : ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? : ??????? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? (????) ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? : «?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? » ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????
[13] ????? ?????? ???? ?????? – (?3 / ? 625??? ????? (
??????? : ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? .
[14] ????? ????? ?????? – (? 13 / ? 231 ??? ?????)
????? : {??????? ??????? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????? } ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????.
[15] ?????? ?????? ?????? – (14 / 242 ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????(
?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? : ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? : ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? : ???? ??? ?????
[16] ????? ???????? – (? 2 / ? 253 ??? ????? ???????)
{ ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? } ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
[17] ????? ?????? – (? 2/ ?355 ???????)
* ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? } ??????? : ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????.
????? { ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? } [??????? : 59] ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????.???? : ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????.
? ” ?? ” ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
[18] ????? ?????? – (? 3 / ? 479 ??? ?????)
??? ??? ???? : ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????
[19] ????? ??? ???? – (? 3 / ?684 ????? ??? ???????)
??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????: ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?????: ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????: { ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? } ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????.
[20] ????? ????? ?????? – (? 8 / ?504 ??? ?????)
??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? : ??????? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? . ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? .
??? : ????????? : ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? : ??????? ? ???? : ??????? ? ???? : ??????? : ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? : ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? . ??? ??? ??? :
?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
???? : ??????? ???? ?? ?????? . ???? ????? : ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? . ???? ??? ????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? : ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? . ???? ????? : ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? . ????? . ???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? . ???? ??????? : ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ???? : ??????? . ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? : ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? . ??????? ?? ???? : ) ???????? ?????????????? ( ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? . ??? ?? : ) ??? ??????????????? ( ??????? ? ? ) ??????????? ( : ???? ????? ??????? ? ?? ) ??????????? ( : ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????
[21] ?????? ?? ???? ?????? – (15 / 589???????(??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????
??? ??? ???? ? ( ??? ) ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? .
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( ?? ??????? ) ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? (??????) ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ( ????? ???????? ????? ) ?? ????? ( ????? ) ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????
[23] ???? ??????? – (?5 / ? 410???????)
????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? : ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? : ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? : ??? ???? ?? ?????
???? ??????? – (?5 / ? 410???????)
????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? : ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????
???? ??????? – (? 6 / ? 660(
????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? : ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????
[24] ????? ?????? ?????? – (? 3 / ? 390 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? – ?????)
{?????} ?? : ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? {?? ????????} ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?
[25] ????? ??? ?????? – (? 4 / ?333??? ?????)
«?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????????» ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
[26] ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? – (? 7 / ? 511 ??? ????? ???????)
? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
[27] ????? ??? ?????? – (7 / 186 ??? ????? ?????? ??????(
??????? : ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????.
??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? {???????} ?? : ?? ??? ?? ??????
[28] ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????- (? 6/ ?204 ??? ?????)
??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????: ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????
[29] ????? ?????? – (? 6 / ? 53 ???????)
???? ???? ??? ????? : {?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????} ?? : ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???????? : ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? ? ??????? : ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????.
[30] ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????- (? 5 / ? 50??? ????? ???????)
(??? ????? ??????) ??? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????
[31] ??? ??????? – (? 11 / ?264 ???????)
???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? : ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? : ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? : ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? : ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????
????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? : ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
[32] ????? ??????? – (? 8 / ?308 ??? ?????)
????? { ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? } [??????? : 59] ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????.
???? : ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????.
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[34] ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? – (74 / 17(
???? ?????? ??? ?????: { ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? } [???????:53]? ???? ?????: { ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? } [???????:59] ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????: ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????
[35] ????? ?????? – (? 10 / ? 140)
( ???? ????????? ???????????? ) ???? ????? ????: ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????: ???????: ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????
???????: ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????: ???? ?????? ???????.
*??? ?? ??? ???:
????? ??? ????? ???: ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???: ?????? ??????: ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???: ???????????? ???????? ?????????.
[36] ?????? ??????
[37] ????? ?????? – (? 10 / ? 143)
????? ??? ????? ???: ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??
??? ????? ???: ?????? ????: ????? ???????.
????? ??? ????? ???: ??? ??? ????? ???: ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????:( ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ) ???: ????? ??????.
[38] ????? ????? (?17 / ?408) ??? ????? ???????
??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????.
?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????.????? ????? ????
[39] ????? ?????? – (? 10 / ? 142 )
[40] ????? ??????? – (? 4 / ? 181 ????? ??? ??????)
[41] ????? ?????? – (? 10 / ? 197)
????? ????? ???: ??? ??? ????? ???: ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????:( ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ) ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????:( ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ).
????? ?????? ?????? – (? 3 / ? 431)
??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???
[42] ????? ??????? ?? ?????- (4 / 1517( ? ???? – (8 / 112)
[43] ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????- (6 / 30) ???? ??? ???? ?? ????- (2 / 104) ???????? ?? ????? ?????? – (5 / 48) ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????- (2 / 979) ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? . ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????- (4 / 203) ??? : ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? : ????? ??? ????? (?) ?????? ???? ?? ????. ??? : ????? ???? (?) ?????? ???? ?? ????. ??? : ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????
???? ?????? ?? «???????» (2/272) : «??? ??? ?????» : ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?
[44] ???? ??? ??? ?????
[45] ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? – (1 / 86)
[46] ????? ??? ??????? – (1 / 447(
[47] ?????? – ????? ???? ?????? – (1 / 328(
[48] ????? ??? ???? ?? ????- (4 / 32( ???????? – (3 / 562) ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????
[49] ??????? ??? ????? 4/136
????:«??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????».
[50] ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? 1 /81
????: «??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ». ??? ?????? ??????? ?215/?:«???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????».
[51] ????? ?????? ?????? 5/245
????:«??? ??? ??? : ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????» .
[52] ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? 3/ 499
????:«??? ?? «?????? ???????» ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????».
[53] ????? ??????? 1/286
????: «??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????».
[54] ??????? ??????? 2/479
????:«?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????».
[55] ??????? ?? ??????? 1/356
????: «??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????».
[56] ?????? ???????? 3/ 499
????:«??? ?? «?????? ???????» ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????».
??????? ????????? 1/?90/? (??????? ?????) ?1/?122/? (???????? ????)
????: «? ?? «?????»: «?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????» ?????: ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????».????? ?? ???? ?????? 2/381 (?.????? 2/622).
[57] ???? ???????? ?132
????:«?????: ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????».
[58] ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? 1/713
????: «??? ???? ???????: ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????».
[59] ????? ?????? 1/713
????:« ??? ???? ???????: ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???????: ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????».
[60] · ??? ?????? 2/405 ????:
«???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????».
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????: «???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????»? 1/415????:« ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????».
[62] · ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? 1/284 (?.??????? 1/470):
«??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ».
[63] ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?44/? ????:«???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????».
[64] ????? ?????? 2/ 98????:« ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???».
[65] ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?115????:« ??? ???????: ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.»
[66] ????? ?????????? ??? ?????1/234
????: «???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????».
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«??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? .??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ».? 1/285: «?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ».
[68] ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? 1/149
????: «??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????».
[69] ???? ??????? 6 /370
????: «??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????.??????? ?????.» ? 1/ 406????:« (?????) ?????? ?????? (?? ??? ????? ??? ??????) ?? ???? ???? ?? (???? ??????) ???? ??? ??? ??????».
???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? 1 / 81 ( ??????? ????? ???? ?????? :
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????:« ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? 1/191.
[71] ?? ??????? 2/527-528
????:« ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? : ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ???????.??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???????.???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????»
?1/ 406
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[72] ???? ????? ??????? 1/?527/?.
[73] ???? ????? ????? ??????? 2/155.
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????: «?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????. ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????».
[75] ????? ??????? ???????? ?50
????: «????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????
[76] ????? ?????? ???? ?????? – (? 3 / ? 661??? ?????)
????????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
[77] ?????? ?????? ?????? – (12 / 229 ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????(
??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? : ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????.
[78] ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? – (2 / 181??? ???? ?????(
????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????
[79] ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????) –1 / 176 (
))????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? .
???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ??? ????????? ????????? . ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? . ???? ??? ????????? : ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? (( .
???? ??? ? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? .
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))????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? .((??? ??????? ????
[80] ??? ???????? – (2 / 314 ???????)
( ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ) ????? ( ????? ??? ) ??? ( ?????? ) ?? ?????? ( ???? ???? ??? ???? ) ???? ( ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ) ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
[81] ??????? ??????? – (2 / 825)
??? ????: ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???
[82] ????? ?????? – (1 / 697 ??? ????? )
???? ( ???? ??? ) ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
[83] ???? ????? ??????? (????? ??????? ? 1 / 41 (
)) ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????(( ??? .
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(???? ???) ?? ???? (??? ????) ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???
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[85] ???? ???????? – (7 / 21)
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????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? . ??? : ? ? » ???
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????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
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???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
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???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????
[91] ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????- (3 / 115 ??? ?????(
???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? .
[92] ????? ???????? – (3 / 258)
???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? { ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? } ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????
??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??
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[93] ???? ??????? – (3 / 129 ??? ?????)
)???? ) ???? ????? ?????? ( ??? ????? ) ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ( ??? ?????? ) ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? { ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? } ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????
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???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??
[94] ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? – (1 / 4(
18-?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???: ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????: ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???.
[95] ?????? – (3 / 311 ??? ????? – ?????(
???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????
[96] ???? ?????? ???? ????? – (3 / 324??? ?????? ??????(
???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????.
[97] ?????? ? ????? ?????? – (2 / 459 ????? ??????? (
???: ??? ?? ???? ???? ???: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????.
[98] ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? – (1 / 165 ??? ??????? ????? – ?????(
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?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
[99] ???? ?????? – (1 / 266 ??? ?????(
)?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ) ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ( ??? ????? ) ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????
???? ?? ?????? ????? ( ??? ??? ?????? ) ??????? ?????
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[100] ????? ???? ????? – (2 / 352 ?????? ????????(
( ????? ) ?? : ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ( ????? ) ??? ??? ????? ( ????? ???? ) ????? ( ??? ) ????? ????? : ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? . ??? ???? : ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? .
[101] (????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ? 1 / 140 )
« ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?? ??????? . ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? . ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? » ??? .
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